TOXICOLOGY
Question and Answer bank is aimed to make the study of toxicology simple and
understandable ---------------------
Series 7: Multiple Choice Questions and fill in blanks
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Q.
1. Examples of significant concentrations of a toxicant in a tissue that is not
a target organ include all of the following except-----------.
a)
lead in bone
b)
DDT in adipose tissue
c)
paraquat in lung
d)
TCDD in adipose tissue
Q.
2. the ability of a chemical to cause acute skin and eye irritation is usually
evaluated in a ------
a)
rabbit
b)
rat
c)
mouse
d)
dog
Q.
3. before a potential pharmaceutical compound
can be given to humans .-------.
a)
an NDA must be filed with the FDA
b)
an IND must be filled with the FDA
c)
acute toxicity studies on 4 species must be conducted
d)
a 2-year dog carcinogenicity study must be completed
Q.
4. phase 1 clinical trials are conducted
to determine all of the following except ---
a)
pharmacokinetics
b)
safety
c)
rare adverse effects
d)
preliminary efficacy
Q.
5. MTD stands for ------------------
a)
minimum tolerated dose
b)maximum
total dose
c)
maximum tolerated dose
d)
maximum threshold dose
Q.
6. the acute toxicity study in animals provides ------
a)
an appropriate lethal dose
b)
information on target organs
c)
information on dose selection for long-term studies
d)all
of the above
Q.
7. a subacute toxicity study in rats usually lasts ------.
a)
3 days
b)14
days
c)
3 months
d)
6 months
Q.
8. the period of organogenesis in rats is ---.
a)
day 3-10
b)
day 7-17
c) day 12-25
d)
day 17-56
Q.
9. a dose of investigational drug that
suppresses body weight gain slightly in a 90-day animal study is defined by
some regulatory agencies to be-------.
a)
LOAEL
b)
NOAEL
c)MTD
d)
reference dose
Q.
10. a subchronic animal study required by the FDA will usually include-----
a)
two species (usually one rodent and one nonrodents)
b)
both genders
c)
at least three doses (low, intermediate, and high)
d)
all of the above
Q.11 A
dose of a compound A is toxic to animals in vivo. Another chemical B is not
toxic when given at doses several orders of magnitude higher but when the two
are given together the toxic response is greater than that of the given dose of
A alone.
a)
antagonism
b)
synergism
c)
additivity
d)
potentiation
e) none
of the above
Q.12 Which
information may be gained from an acute toxicity study
a) no
effect level
b) LD50
c) therapeutic
index
d) target
organ
e) all of
the above
Q.13The
therapeutic index is usually defined as
a) TD50 / LD50
b) ED50 / LD50
c) LD50 / ED50
d) ED50 / TD50
e) LD50 / ED50
Q.14 1000
ppm is equivalent to 1%
a) True
b) False
Answers
1.
c; 2. a; 3. b ; 4.c ; 5.c ; 6.d
; 7.b ; 8.b ; 9.c ; 10. d; 11.
d; 12. e; 13. c ; 14. b.
Fill in blanks
Q. 1. The branch of science which
deals with the harmful effects of physical and chemical agents of human and
animal life is ------------------------------------
Q. 2. In the term toxicology, the word
‘toxicon’ (Greek) means --------------------
Q. 3. The branch of toxicology, which
deals with diagnosis, treatment and management of toxic substances, is known as
-----------------------------------
Q. 4. The development and
interpretation of mandatory toxicology testing programs is addressed by
-------------------------------------------
Q. 5 Investigating and controlling the
toxic effects of various substances on the community is dealt by ----------------------.
Q. 6. The study of toxicity produced
by subsances of plant, animal and microbial origin is termed as -------------
Q. 7. A foreign chemical substance,
which is not normally produced in the body or forms a part of the food, is
known as --------------------.
Q. 8. The source of adverse effect/
damage is known as ----------------------
Q. 9. The likelyhood/probability of
adverse effect upon exposure to a hazard is known as --------------------.
Q. 10. The statement, “all substances
are poisons; the dose differentiates poison from a remedy” is associate with
-------------------------.
Answers
1.TOXICOLOGY;
2. POISON; 3.CLINICA L TOXICOLOGY; 4. REGULATORY TOX COLOGY; 5 TOXICOVIGILANCE;
6. TOXINOLOGY; 7. XENOIOTIC; 8 HAZARD. (eg: Water containing Fluoride; Here
fluoride is the hazard and fluorosis is the adverse effect. Hazard is
independent of dose or exposure i.e., it is present whether someone drinks the
water or not).
9.
RISK. (eg: While drinking water containing fluoride, the chances of getting
fluorosis is called risk. Risk can range from 0 to 100% depending on dose and
exposure i.e., one should be exposed to a hazard to calculate the risk); 10.
PARACELSUS
Exercises
Q. 1 The scientist referred to as
‘Father of Toxicology’ is ------------------------
Q. 2.
DDT (Dichlorodiphenytrichloro ethane) which is used to control malaria
and typus was discovered by ----------------------------
Q. 3. The person who is known as
‘Father of Nerve Agents’ is ------------------------------
Q. 4. The author of the book ‘Silent
Spring’ in which the detrimental effect of DDT and other pesticides on
environment –particularly on birds was document is
-------------------------.
Q. 5. Bhopal gas tragedy, which is
considered to be the world’s worst industrial disaster, was caused due to the
leakage of------------------------------------ from Union Carbide fertilizer
company.
Q. 6. Use of thalidomide in pregnant
women for treating women for treating morning sickness led to
-------------------------condition in the infants.
Q. 7. If the action of one substance
opposes or neutralizes the effect of another substance, the relationship is
referred to as -------------------------..
Q. 8. Rodents are preferred for oral
toxicity testing as they lack ------------------ reflex.
Q. 9. Maximum acceptable/ permitted
amount of a drug present in feed and foods is known as
----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Q. 10. The highest dose of a compound,
which produces adverse effects but no mortality is called
-----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Answers
1.
M.J.B. Orfila; 2. Pau Muller; 3 GERHARD SCHRADER; 4. RACHEL CARSON;5.
METHYL-ISOCYANATE (MIC); 6. PHOCOMELIA; ;7. ANTAGONISM (All antidotes have
antagonistic relationship with their respective toxicants) have antagonistic
relationship with the irrespective toxicants); 8. VOMITION; 9 MAXIMUM RESIDUE
LEVEL (MRL). (For pesticides – MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMIT); 10 MAXIMUM TOLERATED
DOSE {(MTD), MTD is also referred to as
LD0 (Zero) as it will cause adverse effects but no mortality)}.
Exercise
Q.1. If the period of exposure of a
toxicant is more than 3 months, the type of study is termed as
---------------------.
Q. 2. The type of toxicity which
results due to progressive accumulation of a toxicant in the body is known as
------------------------------.
Q. 3. The amount of toxicant in food
and water, which can be consumed daily over a life time without any significant
health risk, is called as ------------------------------------------.
Q. 4 Unlawful or criminal killing of
animals through administration of poisonsis known as -----------------------
Q. 5. Unintentional addition of
toxicants and contaminants in feed and
water is known as ----------------------.
Q. 6. Man -made sources of toxicants
are referred to as ------------------------ sources.
Q. 7. Genetically determined abnormal
reactivity of an individual to a chemical is known
as----------------------------..
Q. 8. Failure to elicit a response to
an ordinary dose of a substance due prior usage is known as
--------------------------.
Q. 9. The beneficial effects of toxic
substances at low doses are known as-----------------.
Q. 10. In the event of irreparable
injury, the cell undergoes a process of programmed cell death known as
----------------------------.
Q. 11 A substance is classified as
extremely toxic if the lethal dose (LD) is LESS THAN ------------- and as
practically non-toxic if the LD is ------------.
Q. 12. The ability of a substance to
induce cancer is known as ------------------.
Answers
1.
CHRONIC TOXICITY; 2. CUMULATIVE TOXICITY(Several toxicants such as heavy
metals, alcohol, DDT etc cause cumulative toxicity.); 3. ACCEPTABLE DAILY
INTAKE (ADI); 4. MALICIOUS POISONING; 5. ACCIDENTAL POISONING; 6.
ANTHROPOGENIC; 7. IDIOCYNCARY; 8. TOLERANCE(Tolerance is generally caused due
to the induction of metabolizing enzymes in liver. However, in case of chronic
alcoholism, pseudo-tolerance is observed, due to thickened GIT mucosa, which
reduces absorption);
9.
HORMESIS; 10. APOPTOSIS(Apoptosis is also involved in number of physiological
process such as embryogenesis, ageing, cancer prevention etc); 11. 1mg/kg, 5 to
15 g/kg(It should be remembered that more the LD of a compound, less is its
toxicity); 12. CARCINOGENESIS
FURTHER READING
Gupta PK (2018)
Illustrative Toxicology with Question bank. 1st Edition. Elsevier, USA
Gupta PK (2016)
Fundamentals of Toxicology: Essential concepts and applications. 1st Edition.
ISBN-9780128054260, pp 438, BSP/Elsevier,
USA
The Merck Veterinary
Manual (2016). Chapter “Herbicide Poisoning” by PK GUPTA 11th edition,
Merck & Co. Inc Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA 2969-99
The Merck Veterinary Manual (2016). Chapter
“Pentachlorophenol Poisoning” by PK GUPTA 11th edition, Merck
& Co. Inc Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA pp 3052-53
Gupta PK
(2016) Essential Concepts in Toxicology. Published by PharmaMed
Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd), Hyderabad, India pp 362.
Gupta PK (2010)
Modern Toxicology, Basis of organ and reproduction toxicity. Vol 1.
Published by Pharma Med Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd).
Hyderabad, India pp 1-460.
Gupta PK (2010)
Modern Toxicology, Adverse effects of xenobiotics. Vol 2, Published by
PharmaMed Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd). Hyderabad, India pp 1-460.
Gupta PK (2010)
Modern Toxicology, Immuno and clinicsal toxicology Vol 3. Published by
PharmaMed Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd). Hyderabad, India pp 1-340.
To be cont'd
