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| Prof PK Gupta Toxicologist |
Brain Storming Questions in Toxicology by Prof PK Gupta
First edition published 2020 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300,Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Author xi
Section 1: General toxicology
Chapter 1 Principles of Toxicology 3
Chapter 2 Disposition and Toxicokinetics 21
Chapter 3 Mechanistic Toxicology 45
Section 2: Organ toxicity
Chapter 4 Target Organ Toxicity 65
Section 3: Non-organ-directed toxicity
Chapter 5 Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity 101
Section 4: Toxic agents
Chapter 6 Toxic Effects of Pesticides and Agrochemicals 119
Chapter 7 Toxic Effects of Metals and Micronutrients 135
Chapter 8 Toxic Effects of Non-metals and Micronutrients 151
Chapter 9 Toxicological Hazards of Solvents, Gases, Vapours,
and Other Chemicals 155
Chapter 10 Hazards of Radiation and Radioactive Materials 163
Chapter 11 Toxicities from Human Drugs 169
Section 5: Plants
Chapter 12 Toxic Effects of Plants 177
Section 6: Poisonous organisms, food and feed toxicity
Chapter 13 Biotoxins and Venomous Organisms 199
Chapter 14 Food Hazards and Feed-Contaminant Toxicity 207
Chapter 15 Mycotoxicoses 221
Section 7: Environmental toxicology
Chapter 16 Pollution and Ecotoxicology 231
Section 8: Applications in toxicology
Chapter 17 Forensic and Clinical Toxicology 255
Section 9: Special topics
Chapter 18 Adverse Effects of Calories 293
Chapter 19 Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 297
Chapter 20 Occupational Toxicology 301
Chapter 21 Veterinary Drug Residue Hazards 305
Further Reading 309
Index 311
PREFACE
This book entitled Brain Storming Questions in Toxicology serves as a comprehensive and quick reference for various examinations. This book contains multiple-choice questions, true or false/correct or incorrect statements, and match the correct statement, which are widely used in entrance tests, competitive examinations, and at some places in certifying examinations. It is therefore of utmost importance to induct items that not only tests the knowledge, understanding, and application ability of the student but also helps in learning objectives, methods of self-study, and selfassessment. Solving such brainstorming questions could help the crystallization and assimilation of the fundamental principles and applications in drug toxicology, clinical pharmacology, clinical toxicology, and medical toxicology, and for forensic toxicologists, environmentalists, and veterinarians.
Thus, this book will be a useful tool and essential guide for those who want to prepare for licensure and certification exams, persons seeking continuing education, etc. This will also serve as a refresher for academicians and professionals in the field. With these objectives, the book has been divided in several chapters that cover the general principles of toxicology, disposition and kinetics, mechanistic toxicology, target and non-target-directed toxicity, and the toxic effects of various xenobiotics, such as pesticides, metals and micronutrients, non-metals, solvents, gases and vapours, poisonous and venomous organisms, toxicity from humanuse drugs, plant toxins, food and feed contaminants, radiation and radioactive materials, adverse effects of pollution and ecotoxicology, forensic and clinical toxicology, adverse effects of calories, toxic effects of nanomaterials, occupational exposure, and residual drug toxicity. Each chapter is in the format of objective questions and answers; thus, it is a unique book in toxicology that reflects the breadth and multidisciplinary nature of toxicology with an objective approach to the subject.
In brief, the book is an essential guide and has been specifically targeted for a very specific audience of students, teachers, and established toxicologists. Therefore, the author believes that this book will serve the students, academic institutions, and industry as follows:
• It is an excellent contribution for the students who need a study aid for toxicology but wants more than a textbook because they need a self-testing regime.
• It will be a useful tool for the teachers of toxicology who need inspiration when composing questions for their students.
• It will also help established toxicologists test their own knowledge of understanding the subject matter.
• It will be useful at universities and colleges and in industry for in-house training courses in toxicology, which I know exist in some pharmaceutical and chemical companies.
• It is required for all those who want to study for the toxicology boards and other examinations.
Thus, the main strength of this book is to improve the engagement and understanding of the subject. Toxicology is a rapidly evolving field. Suggestions and comments are welcome to help the author improve the contents of the book. Please also suggest the deficiencies that need to be covered at drpkg_brly@yahoo.co.in or drpkg1943@gmail.com if you have any topics you feel should be better covered in any future editions.
P. K. Gupta
Chapter 1
PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY
1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS(Choose the most appropriate response.)
Exercise 1
Q.1. ‘It is the dose that differentiates a toxicant from a poison.’ This statement was made
by scientist ________.
a) Paracelsus
b) Hippocrates
c) Socrates
d) Homer
Q.2. The branch of science that deals with assessing the toxicity of substances of plant and animal
origin and those produced by pathogenic bacteria is ________.
a) toxicology
b) toxinology
c) toxicokinetics
d) toxicodynamics
Q.3. Minimum dose of a toxicant producing the desired response is called ________.
a) ceiling dose
b) threshold dose
c) both a and b
d) none
Q.4. The Arthus reaction is seen in the hypersensitivity of ________.
a) type I
b) type II
c) type III
d) type IV
Q.5. The Coolie breeds of dogs are hypersensitive to ________.
a) Albendazole
b) Ivermectin
c) both
d) none
Q.6. The measure of the margin of safety of a toxicant is obtained by ________.
a) LD50/ED 99
b) LD 1/ED 99
c) ED50/LD 50
d) LD50/ED 50
Q.7. A substance is called as moderately toxic if its median lethal dose is ________.
a) 1–5 mg
b) 5–500 mg
c) 0.5–1 g
d) >1 g
Q.8. A toxic substance produced by a biological system is specially referred to as a ________.
a) toxicant
b) toxin
c) xenobiotic
d) poison
Q.9. Allergic contact dermatitis is ________.
a) a non-immune response caused by a direct action of an agent on the skin
b) an immediate type-I hypersensitivity reaction
c) a delayed type-IV hypersensitivity reaction
d) characterized by the intensity of reaction being proportional to the elicitation dose
e) not involved in photoallergic reactions
Q.10. The reference dose (RfD) is generally determined by applying which of the following
default procedures?
a) An uncertainty factor of 100 is applied to the NOAEL in chronic animal studies
b) A risk factor of 1000 is applied to the NOAEL in chronic animal studies
c) A risk factor of 10,000 is applied to the NOAEL in subchronic animal studies
d) An uncertainty factor between 10,000 and 1 million is applied to the NOEL from
chronic animal studies
e) Multiplying the NOAEL from chronic animal studies by 100
Q.11. Which of the following concerning the use of the ‘benchmark dose’ in risk assessment is
not correct?
a) Can use the full range of doses and responses studied
b) Allows use of data obtained from experiments where a clear ‘no observed adverse
effect level’ (NOAEL) has been attained
c) May be defined as the lower confidence limit on the 10% effective dose
d) Is primarily used for analyses of carcinogenicity data and has limited utility for analyses
of developmental and reproduction studies that generate quantal data
e) Is not limited to the values of the administered doses
Q.12. Administration by oral gavage of a test compound that is highly metabolized by the liver
versus subcutaneous injection will most likely result in ________.
a) less parent compound present in the systemic circulation
b) more local irritation at the site of administration caused by the compound
c) lower levels of metabolites in the systemic circulation
d) more systemic toxicity
e) less systemic toxicity
Q.13. The phrase that best defines ‘toxicodynamics’ is the ________.
a) linkage between exposure and dose
b) linkage between dose and response
c) dynamic nature of toxic effects among various species
d) dose range between desired biological effects and adverse health effects
e) loss of dynamic hearing range due to a toxic exposure
Q.14. Which of the following was banned under the Delaney Clause of the Food Additive
Amendment of 1958?
a) Butylated hydroxytoluene
b) Sulfamethazine
c) Cyclamate
d) Phytoestrogens
e) Aflatoxin
Q.15. Which of the following toxicity can occur from a single exposure?
a) Acute toxicity
b) Subacute toxicity
c) Subchronic toxicity
d) Chronic toxicity
Q.16. Which of the following assumptions is not correct regarding risk assessment for male
reproductive effects in the absence of mechanistic data?
a) An agent that produces an adverse reproductive effect in experimental animals is
assumed to pose a potential reproductive hazard to humans.
b) In general, a non-threshold is assumed for the dose-response curve for male reproductive
toxicity.
c) Effects of xenobiotics on male reproduction are assumed to be similar across species
unless demonstrated otherwise.
d) The most sensitive species should be used to estimate human risk.
e) Reproductive processes are similar across mammalian species.
Q.17. A newly formed hapten protein complex usually stimulates the formation of a significant
amount of antibodies in ________.
a) 1–2 min
b) 1–2 hours
c) 1–2 days
d) 1–2 weeks
Q.18. Prolonged muscle relaxation after succinylcholine is an example of a/an ________.
a) IGE-mediated allergic reaction
b) idiosyncratic reaction
c) immune complex reaction
d) reaction related to a genetic increase in the activity of a liver enzyme
Q.19. Increased production of methemoglobin is due to decreased activity of ________.
a) cytochrome P450 2B6
b) NADH cytochrome b5 reductase
c) cytochrome oxidase
d) cytochrome a3
Q.20. The most common target organ of toxicity is the ________.
a) heart
b) lung
c) CNS (brain and spinal cord)
d) skin
Answers
1.
a 6. d 11. d 16. b
2.
b 7. b 12. a 17. c
3.
b 8. b 13. b 18. d
4.
c 9. c 14. c 19. b
5. b 10. a 15. a 20. c
FURTHER READING
Aiello, Susan E. (2016). The Merck Veterinary Manual, 11th ed. Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, NJ.
Beasley, V. (1999). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination: Differences among
species. In: Veterinary Toxicology, Ed. V. Beasley, International Veterinary Information
Service (www.ivis.org), Ithaca, NY. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268347521_
Absorption_Distribution_Metabolism_and_Elimination_Differences_Among_Species_9-
Aug-1999.
FAO, Health hazards associated with animal feed. FAO Rome, Section 1, http://www.fao.org/
docrep/012/i1379e/i1379e01.pdf.
Fruncillo, M.D., Richard, J. (2011). 2,000 Toxicology Board Review Questions, Xlibris.
Gupta Ramesh, C. (2018). Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed. Academic
Press/Elsevier, San Diego, CA.
Gupta, P.K. (2014). Essential Concepts in Toxicology, BSP Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India.
Gupta, P.K. (2016). Fundamental in Toxicology: Essential Concepts and Applications in Toxicology,
1st ed. Elsevier/BSP, London, UK.
Gupta, P.K. (2018). Illustrative Toxicology, 1st ed. Elsevier, San Diego, CA.
Gupta, P.K. (2019). Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology: An Interactive Guide, 1st
ed. Routledge, London, UK.
Gupta, P.K. Ed. (2010). Modern Toxicology: Adverse Effects of Xenobiotics, Vol. 2, 2nd reprint.
PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, India.
Gupta, P.K. Ed. (2010). Modern Toxicology: Basis of Organ and Reproduction Toxicity, Vol. 1, 2nd
reprint. PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, India.
Gupta, P.K. Ed. (2010). Modern Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology, Vol. 3, 2nd reprint. PharmaMed
Press, Hyderabad, India.
Klaassen, C.D. (2019). Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 9th ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Klaassen, C.D., Watkins, III JB. Ed. (2015). Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology, 3rd ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Renwick, A.G. (2008). Toxicokinetic. In: Hays, A.W. (Ed.), Principles and Methods of Toxicology,
5 ed. Taylor & Francis Groups, Boca Raton, FL.
Sutmoller, P. (1997). Contaminated food of animal origin: Hazards and risk management. OIE
Scientific and Technical Review. 16(2). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/ 843432-
1111149860300/20434404/ContaminatedFood.pdf.
Timbrell, J.A. (1997). Study Toxicology Through Questions, 1st ed. Routledge, London, UK.
